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The Holocaust (from the Greek ': ''hólos'', "whole" and ''kaustós'', "burnt"),〔.〕 also known as the Shoah (Hebrew: , ''HaShoah'', "the catastrophe"), was a genocide in which approximately six million Jews were killed by Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime and its collaborators.〔. Further examples of this usage can be found in: Bauer 2002, Cesarani 2004, Dawidowicz 1981, Evans 2002, Gilbert 1986, Hilberg 1996, Longerich 2012, Phayer 2000, Zuccotti 1999〕 Some historians use a definition of the Holocaust that includes the additional five million non-Jewish victims of Nazi mass murders, bringing the total to approximately eleven million. Killings took place throughout Nazi Germany and German-occupied territories.〔Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. ''(The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust )'', Columbia University Press, 2000, pp. 45-52.〕 From 1941 to 1945, Jews were systematically murdered in a genocide, one of the largest in history, and part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and killings of various ethnic and political groups in Europe by the Nazi regime. Every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics and the carrying out of the genocide, turning the Third Reich into "a genocidal state".〔 Compare: 〕 Other victims of Nazi crimes included Romanis, ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and the mentally and physically disabled.〔Evans, Richard (July 9, 2015). (The Anatomy of Hell ), ''The New York Review of Books''〕 In total, approximately 11 million people were killed, including approximately one million Jewish children.〔; .〕 Of the nine million Jews who had resided in Europe before the Holocaust, approximately two-thirds were killed.〔.〕 A network of about 42,500 facilities in Germany and German-occupied territories were used to concentrate, confine, and kill Jews and other victims. Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators. The persecution and genocide were carried out in stages, culminating in what was termed the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (''die Endlösung der Judenfrage''), the agenda to exterminate Jews in Europe. Initially the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society, most prominently the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. A network of concentration camps was established starting in 1933 and ghettos were established following the outbreak of World War II in 1939. In 1941, as Germany conquered new territory in eastern Europe, specialized paramilitary units called ''Einsatzgruppen'' were used to murder around two million Jews and "partisans", often in mass shootings. By the end of 1942, victims were being regularly transported by freight trains to specially built extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were systematically killed in gas chambers. The campaign of murder continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April–May 1945. Overall, Jewish armed resistance was limited. The most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943, when thousands of poorly-armed Jewish fighters held the Waffen-SS at bay for four weeks. An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 Jewish partisans actively fought against the Nazis and their collaborators in Eastern Europe.〔.〕〔("Resistance During the Holocaust" ). ''Holocaust Encyclopedia''. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 27 September 2012.〕 French Jews were also highly active in the French Resistance, which conducted a guerilla campaign against the Nazis and Vichy French authorities. In total, over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place.〔 (Jewish Partisan Education Foundation ), accessed 22 December 2013. 〕 ==Etymology and use of the term== (詳細はGreek word ''holókauston'', referring to an animal sacrifice offered to a god in which the whole (''olos'') animal is completely burnt (''kaustos'').〔("What is the origin of the word 'Holocaust'?" ). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 25 September 2012.〕 Writing in Latin, Richard of Devizes, a 12th-century monk, was the first recorded chronicler to use the term "holocaustum" in Britain.〔(Neuman-Smith-Goodale Family Tree:Information about Richard 'Lionheart' Plantagenet, King of England ) Richard 'Lionheart' Plantagenet, King of England (b. 8 September 1157, d. 6 April 1199)〕 Sir Thomas Browne employed the word "holocaust" in his philosophical Discourse Urn Burial in 1658〔"And if the burden of Isaac were sufficient for a holocaust, a man may carry his own pyre". (chapter 3).〕 and for centuries, the word was used generally in English to denote great massacres. Since the 1960s, the term has come to be used by scholars and popular writers to refer specifically to the Nazi genocide of Jews.〔.〕 The television mini-series ''Holocaust'' is credited with introducing the term into common parlance after 1978.〔Steinweis 2001 provides a survey of this phenomenon.〕 The biblical word ''shoah'' (שואה; also transliterated ''sho'ah'' and ''shoa''), meaning "calamity" became the standard Hebrew term for the Holocaust as early as the 1940s, especially in Europe and Israel.〔("The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion" ), Yad Vashem. Retrieved 24 September 2012.〕 ''Shoah'' is preferred by some Jews for several reasons including the theologically offensive nature of the word "holocaust" which they take to refer to the Greek pagan custom.〔For example, Israeli journalist Amira Hass, the daughter of two Holocaust survivors and translator of the 2009 English edition of her mother's diary of surviving Bergen-Belsen () has argued that " 'The Holocaust' is an incorrect term ... as if something came out from the sky, from heaven, some disaster, a calamity, a nature calamity, and not human-made calamity." Asked for a better way to refer to it, she responded, "The German industry of murder. Or the assembly-line of () murder." ("Diary of Bergen-Belsen, 1944-1945": Amira Hass Discusses Her Mother's Concentration Camp Diary ) For an opposing view on the allegedly offensive nature of the meaning of the word ''holocaust'', see Peterie 2000.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「the holocaust」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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